A Heterobimetallic Au(I)–Ru(II) Complex Bridged by dppb: Synthesis, Structural and Solution Characterization, BSA Interaction and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation in Wistar Rats

Zahirović, Adnan; Roca, Sunčica; Fočak, Muhamed; Fetahović, Selma; Muzika, Višnja; Suljević, Damir; Topčagić, Anela; Mitrašinović-Brulić, Maja; Osmanković, Irnesa; Crans, Debbie C.; Višnjevac, Aleksandar (2025) A Heterobimetallic Au(I)–Ru(II) Complex Bridged by dppb: Synthesis, Structural and Solution Characterization, BSA Interaction and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation in Wistar Rats. Inorganics, 13 (10). ISSN 2304-6740

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Abstract

A novel heterobimetallic ruthenium(II)–gold(I) complex featuring a bridging bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) ligand was prepared and fully characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a piano-stool geometry around Ru(II) with η6-cymene, two chlorido ligands, and one phosphorus atom from dppb, while the Au(I) center adopts a linear P–Au–Cl coordination. Structural integrity in the solution was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while solution behavior was further monitored by variable solvent 31P NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, indicating that the organometallic Ru–arene core remains intact, whereas the chlorido ligands coordinated to Ru exhibit partial lability. Complementary characterization included elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Spectrofluorimetric and FRET analyses showed that Au(dppb), Ru(dppb), and the heterobimetallic AuRu complex bind to BSA with apparent constants of 1.41 × 105, 5.12 × 102, and 2.66 × 104 M−1, respectively, following a static quenching mechanism. In vivo biological evaluation in Wistar rats revealed no significant hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity, with only mild and reversible histological alterations and preserved hepatocyte nuclear morphology. Hematological analysis indicated a statistically significant reduction in leukocyte populations, suggesting immunomodulatory potential, while elevated serum glucose levels point to possible endocrine or metabolic activity. These findings highlight compound structural stability and intriguing bioactivity profile, making it a promising platform for further organometallic drug development and testing.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	heterobimetallic complex; ruthenium(II)–gold(I); bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb); Wistar rats in vivo toxicity; immunomodulatory potential
Subjects:	NATURAL SCIENCES > Chemistry
Divisions:	Division of Physical Chemistry NMR Center
Depositing User:	Lorena Palameta
Date Deposited:	23 Oct 2025 08:23
URI:	http://fulir.irb.hr/id/eprint/10085
DOI:	10.3390/inorganics13100323

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